Here’s a popular question that we get asked all the time: “How can you tell which one is Mariah, and which is Kaver?”

The answer is easy– they look different. Just like no two people look exactly alike, no two Peregrines do either. At first glance (or even second and third glance) it might not be easy to see the differences, but we’re here to help with that, so read on!

First, let’s compare Mariah and Kaver side by side:

In this picture, Mariah is on the left, and Kaver is on the right. The very first thing you’ll notice is the difference in size between the two Peregrines. Mariah is a much larger bird than Kaver. In fact, in most birds of prey including falcons, hawks, eagles and owls, the female is larger than the male. When one sex is larger than the other, scientists call it sexual dimorphism. Many animals exhibit sexual dimorphism inlcuding humans, but for us it is the males who are generally larger. In raptors, the female is larger. This difference in size even influences what we call male and female falcons. Only the female Peregrine is called a falcon. The male peregrine is called a tiercel. Tiercel comes from the latin word tertius, which means “one-third”, because the male is typically 1/3 smaller than the female.

When Mariah and Kaver are side by side it’s easy to tell who’s who by their size. When they’re alone, it’s a little harder, but not too much. If you can see them on the Falconcam’s high resolution Main Camera, you’ll notice some differences in their features that can help.

After her size, the next thing to notice about Mariah is the white stripe that runs between her eyes, just above the yellow part of her bill. That part is called the cere, and among other things, its where her nostrils are. Most times if you’re looking at Mariah’s face you’ll be able to see the white feathers above her cere. Kaver doesn’t have a stripe above his cere, so that’s a pretty easy way to tell them apart.

Next is the shape of the head. The top of Mariah’s head is a bit flatter than Kaver’s. One of the distinctive features of falcons is their head coloring. Peregrines have a dark “hood” and malar stripes. The malar stripes are the dark patches on their cheeks that resemble sideburns. The combination of dark hood and malar stripes makes it look like the Peregrine is wearing a helmet. Mariah’s malar stripes are longer than Kaver’s.

It’s hard to tell in our picture above, but Kaver’s helmet is darker than Mariah’s. In brighter light Kaver’s helmet looks almost black, while Mariah’s almost always appears slate gray, with white highlights.

If you come to Rochester to watch the falcons, you’ll rarely get close enough to see their faces. Good binoculars or a spotting scope can help, but even if you don’t have those, all hope is not lost. That’s because Mariah and Kaver often look different in flight, and that difference can be used to tell them apart. Mariah, in particular, often flies with the first couple of feathers on her right wing (called “primary” flight feathers) split from the others. The picture above is a good example. Her wings often have a broad, rounded shape, especially when she’s soaring. And since she’s a larger bird, sometimes her size alone is enough to identify her.

In contrast, Kaver’s wings often have a more pointed shape. His smaller size also gives him a sleeker look. When he flaps his wings, his wingbeats are more frequent than Mariah’s, and not as powerful. Believe it or not, it’s pretty easy to pick up on these differences after watching them for a while.

So there you go– Size, facial markings, coloration, wing shape and flight differences are the clues you need to tell Mariah from Kaver. Keep watching the Rochester Falconcam and you’ll be an identification expert in no time.

-Jess

Late winter and early spring brings the return of the falcons to the nesting territory they have occupied since Mariah settled in Rochester over a decade ago. Where were they over the winter? Only they can know for sure, and the falcons aren’t talking.

Peregrines are creatures of habit. Like tony jet-setters with expensive apartments and high-rise condos scattered through midtown Manhattan, wild Peregrines typically select two or three nest sites within a given territory, and move among them from year to year. Mariah bucks this trend, as do many of her urban-dwelling cousins. It turns out that the nest boxes set up by their human benefactors on the tops of buildings, smokestacks and other lofty structures are so ideally placed that there’s little need to wander around– a bit of a contradiction for a bird whose name means “wanderer”.

Mariah and Kaver have been tearing up the skies over downtown Rochester, but surprisingly they spend a considerable amount of time not flying, in the rather boring, but no doubt important task of perching near the nest site. It’s their way of staking claim to the territory, and letting others know that there’s no room at the inn. They’ve even been seen escorting other Peregrines out of the area since their return in late February. So Step 1, Reclaiming the Territory, is complete.

Time for Step 2: Courtship

Peregrines mate for life. There are exceptions to that rule, but we won’t concern ourselves with that for now. Since Kaver’s arrival in 2002 (he replaced Cabot-Sirocco, who failed to return that year) he’s been Mariah’s constant companion. Scientists and other smart people who study Peregrine behavior think that this fidelity has as much to do with the birds’ affinity for a particular territory as it does with their affininty for each other. So every year, we find the Peregrines re-establishing their bond through a complex set of ritualistic courtship behaviors. The male makes bold aerobatic flights that might include loops, tight turns, and swooping dives.

Like a teen with a flashy sports car, he’s trying to impress her with his speed and agility. If she likes what she sees, the male starts coming around with gifts– not flashy jewels, but something even more precious to a female falcon– food. By bringing food, Kaver demonstrates his hunting prowess, assuring Mariah that he’ll be a good provider for her family.

If she accepts the food, the falcons will meet in the nest box for another ritual. This time, the birds face each other and take turns bowing– a very polite way of courting. This is their talk time, too. While they’re bowing Peregrines vocalize with a series of gentle sounds called “ee-chupping”.

On to Step 3: Mating

As with humans, mating isn’t just a way to procreate. Peregrines’ mating activity also establishes and reinforces the relationship, what experts call the “pair bond”. Mating activity for Peregrines may take place many times each day. In fact, watchers in Rochester have seen Mariah and Kaver mating as often as every half hour!

Mariah initiates the mating by landing on a convenient perch and lifting her tail. Kaver, circling nearby will fly to her and land gently on her back to mate before flying off a few seconds later. In falcon relationships, the female is always the dominant partner (come to think of it, that sounds like most human relationships too!). She decides where the nest will be, when to mate, and when to lay her eggs.

Some birds have external sex organs similar to mammals, but most, including Peregrines, have something called a cloaca. Both males and females have a cloaca near the end of their tails. The cloaca is a common opening through which the birds expel waste and it is also used as the conduit for reproduction. During the act of copulation the birds touch their cloacas together, at which point the sperm is transferred from Kaver to Mariah. Mariah stores the sperm in her cloaca until she’s ready to fertilize her egg.

Unlike humans, Peregrine females can choose when to fertilize their eggs. That’s a great advantage in the wild. It means Mariah can store Kaver’s sperm and only begin the egg production process when she’s found a safe nest site.

Step 4: Nest Preparation

The final step is to prepare the nest. In the wild, a Peregrine’s nest is little more than a depression that’s been scraped out of the dirt and gravel on a cliffside or rocky outcrop. Not surprisingly, scientists call this kind of nest a “scrape”. The name lacks imagination, but there’s no denying its accuracy.

In nest boxes like the one on the Kodak tower, Mariah and Kaver’s human hosts have provided a bed of pea gravel several inches deep. To build the scrape in the nest box, one of the falcons (Kaver, usually) pushes stones out of the depression with its feet. On the camera it sometimes looks as if Kaver is ice skating while he’s excavating the scrape. Other times he gets right down on his belly and pushes with both feet. Then he looks more like a body surfer.

The courting, mating and nest-building behavior continues up until the time Mariah is ready to lay her eggs. I’ll cover that in my next post.

-Jess

Imprints is the official journal of the Rochester Falconcam. Check in every couple of days to read the latest news about the falcons’ activity in the nest box or around town. You’ll also find information about Peregrines’ behavior and life-cycle, to make it easier to understand how they relate to each other and their environment.

Imprints is here to help you understand and appreciate the fascinating world of the Peregrine falcon, so be an active reader! Use the Comments link at the end of any journal entry if you have a question or comment about the falcons. We’re happy to entertain queries about the Rochester Falconcam website too, but one thing we can’t help with is technical support. After all, we’re bird people, not computer nerds (OK, maybe a few of us are members of the taped spectacles and pocket protector set– but we’re much too busy watching the falcons to offer advice with web browsers, Internet connections and other problems) so please keep the questions focused on our favorite subject, the Peregrine falcons.

We hope you’ll find Imprints to be both informative and fun. There’s quite a bit of information about Peregrines in the Falcon Information pages on the website to get you started. If it seems overwhelming or impossibly complex, don’t worry; Imprints will help to put it all into context by relating it to what you see in the images provided by the Rochester Falconcam’s five cameras. And if there’s something you don’t understand even after we’ve dazzled you with our brilliance, feel free to ask!

-Jess